Today’s Yestirginia: An Existential Threat

The early days of Virginia were as uncertain for the world as they were for the colonists themselves. England’s chief rival, Spain, was stinging from their martial and mercatorial defeats. Spain’s claim to the New World was perpetually threatened – not only by England – but from other countries who recognized the potential this new frontier had for a relatively-crowded Europe.

Don Pedro de Zuñiga was King Philip’s ambassador to England (and preceded Don Velasco). Spain may have been at a functional peace with England, but their interests in threatening her expansion at times boiled over. Don Zuñiga urged his sovereign repeatedly to attack and plunder English vessels. To Zuñiga, a profitable Virginia would mean the end of Spain. In short, Spain considered Virginia an existential threat. (One might even suggest that these Spanish-speaking peoples were worried this flood of English immigrants to America would take their jobs – but one would be editorializing too much.)

Spain would harass English ships in the early years of the Virginia colony (and English ships harassed the Spanish, as well), but ultimately both sides feared too large a war to retaliate in cycles of vengeance. Nevertheless, the scheming and espionage behind the scenes augments the very real danger these early explorers and colonists faced in a new and unfamiliar world.

On March 18, 1608, Don Pedro de Zuñiga urged King Philip III to intercept and plunder English resupply ships to a starving and fledgling Virginia colony:

SIRE:

The persons interested in Virginia increase daily and they have put into the Council as President Count Lincon [Henry Clinton, Earl of Lincoln], who is an impertinent old man, and who has never been held in esteem; but the reason that they have taken hold of him, is because he is a wealthy man, who has given them 8,000 Philips [gold pieces] with the condition that with this sum as far as they can a goodly number of people be sent (they say as many as 800 men), within one month or two.

Their expectation is that they will in a short time send there 2,500 or 3,000 men – on which account it seems to me necessary to intercept them on the way…

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